By Danny Bradbury. On 18 July 2013, Erik Voorhees announced that SatoshiDice had been sold for 126,315 BTC, or US12. com! Sorted by: 6. Re: [BF and BTCT] Gamma SatoshiDICE Pass Through . Member Offline Activity: 448 Merit: 250 ★☆ QDice. March 05, 2013, 11:46:58 PMTopic: SatoshiDICE. : News: Bitcointalk Community AwardsApparently everything is fine but contains bitcoins "double spend" of Satoshidice and therefore never confirmed. Re: SatoshiDICE. It then releases into the network some subset of the bets such that the customer's net profit is zero (before fees), but such that all the losing bets come from the dirty wallet and all the winning bets come from the clean wallet. SatoshiDice is a subroutine of an advanced artificial intelligence, which arose spontaneously as one of the less-harmful consequences of the. Sr. Legendary Offline Activity: 1596 Merit: 1012. Hero Member Offline Posts: 1676017753 Ignore. This fund was not stolen by any. Department of Security Studies and Criminology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. You have higher winnings per bet; It's super fast - all transactions are processed within less than 1 sec and returned back. Legendary Offline Activity: 1008 Merit: 1020. 1. Fleebit is same as SatoshiDice except a few improvements: No registration or private URL required. Crypto Games. June 13, 2012, 11:10:34 PMTopic: SatoshiDice клиент (рабочий бот) (Read 4340 times) Muslim (OP) Newbie Offline Activity: 13 Merit: 0. 0005 = another 23. This dice betting site underwent changes in the past years until it transformed to become a dApp at the time of writing this. The game is simple to play and only requires a few steps to get started. Over 1,000,000 BTC has been won and over 1,500,000 individual bets placed (as of November 2012). Newbie Offline Activity: 1 Merit: 0Topic: SatoshiDice, lack of remedies, and poor ISP options are pushing me toward "Lite" (Read 7268 times) Kluge (OP) Donator Legendary Offline Activity: 1218 Merit: 1015. Following are the changes: As a daily…SatoshiDICE_PR (OP) Sr. Satoshi Dice was the brand name given the. Call bitcoind getrawtransaction [The incoming transaction ID] 1. This actually proves my point. Member Offline Activity: 392 Merit: 250. . We at satoshidice. SatoshiDice ranks 51st among Gambling Other sites. Satoshi Dice (sometimes stylized as SatoshiDICE) is a "blockchain-based betting game" operating since 2012. SatoshiDICE. On 20th July, Satoshidice made a big change on their website by decreasing the winning number drastically. We've thoroughly reviewed SatoshiDice DAPP Casino and gave it an Above average Safety Index. Similar studies include [31,38]. Win BCH at SatoshiDice. com having an authoritative rank of 58. October 08, 2022, 03:57:24 AM: Welcome, Guest. It provides a lucky dice game in which users send Bitcoins to the site and pick a number. SatoshiDice, lack of remedies, and poor ISP options are pushing me toward "Lite" December 31, 2012, 03:22:08 AMAuthor: Topic: Satoshi Dice -- Statistical Analysis (Read 192809 times) Bugpowder. New Decentralized Nuclear Hobbit. Topic: SatoshiDICE. 5m at the time) to an undisclosed party in July last year, is not currently listed on MPEx or any other exchange. DICE - SatoshiDICE 100% Dividend-Paying Asset on MPEx (Read 316067 times) dexX7. 11 BTC when it was worth about 15$. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game (Read 494857 times) tarantoga. Re: SatoshiDICE. I don't know why I keep reading, either, but it is amazing to watch. Newbie. The game is. 1695059395. If the transaction that contained the bet never happened (due to double spend) then. This dice game platform is regarded as the first and greatest Bitcoin gambling site. 000x a sua aposta, instantaneamente. [2] Account Registration – SatoshiDice Calls Us Asicer03581. 6 BTC, which is worth about $1. [update 4:26PM June 3rd Pacific Time] holy smoke, it appears I got the refund back! I'm going to send donation and tip as I… SatoshiDICE Tribute will distribute a fraction of all bets to three top-ranked players. É no geral um bom casino para jogar, mas tem algumas coisa sem valor. Shortly after the dispute he left BitInstant, and made his first big compromise to achieve widespread adoption of bitcoin. Topic: SatoshiDICE. DICE - SatoshiDICE 100% Dividend-Paying Asset on MPEx (Read 316078 times) evoorhees (OP) Legendary Offline Activity: 1008 Merit: 1021. satoshidice. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game (Read 494748 times) VarietyBitcoin. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game. Topic: PHP martingale bot for satoshiDICE (Read 32846 times) payb. Re: SatoshiDICE. Just like the address we mentioned previously, the genesis address occasionally receives BTC as a tribute from users. July 31, 2023, 08:14:39 PM: Welcome, Guest. Satoshidice has no influence on someone else's transaction id, so while they could attack their own game, knowing the secret, it would gain them nothing. The mere fact that we are all reading about Satoshidice means that (assuming the bot rumor is true) it is working. In 2014, off chain session based bets were also made available. Moreover, a lot of high-stake rollers suddenly had their bitcoins withdrawn all of a sudden. Bitcoin Forum > Economy > Marketplace > Gambling > Gambling discussion > Is SatoshiDice a Trusted Casino? Warning : One or more bitcointalk. Deposit range is EUR 5 to EUR 5,000, while min. In fact, it was once the most popular Bitcoin dice game online, offering. : News: Latest Bitcoin Core release: 23. It seems like the same thing would be true of altcoins, but there are only 10-20 alt-coin dices versus 200-300 alt-coins. 1. tcSatoshi Dice is a popular Bitcoin game that allows players to win satoshis, or fractions of a Bitcoin, by betting on the outcome of a virtual dice roll. Newbie Offline Activity: 6 Merit: 0. S. Democracy is the original 51% attack. Bitcoin is the currency of the Internet: a distributed, worldwide, decentralized…Topic: SatoshiDICE. May 14, 2016, 02:37:19 AMTopic: Is SatoshiDice illegal? (Read 3649 times) JoelKatz. Erik Voorhees is the Founder and Chief Executive Officer of ShapeShift Ag. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game. 5m at the time) to an undisclosed party in July last year, is not currently listed on MPEx or any other exchange. . Please gamble responsibly. Topic: Huge increase in satoshidice spam over the past day (Read 8756 times) Matt Corallo (OP) Hero Member Offline Activity: 755 Merit: 515. November 05, 2022, 02:30:12 PM: Welcome, Guest. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game. The deal, which was executed on the Romania-based. 314%October 21, 2022, 01:00:01 AM: Welcome, Guest. Launch Status: ONLINE ***** Dear Beloved Bitcoin Community, After much adieu, the Spirit of Satoshi would like to humbly announce her latest incarnation, Satoshi Dice Tribute. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game (Read 495335 times) evoorhees (OP) Legendary Offline Activity: 1008 Merit: 1020. Holders of S-DICE shares on MPEX are entitled to receive their share of that, 0. SatoshiDice had an unofficial IPO on the MPEx exchange, a sort of Bitcoin stock market where unregistered Bitcoin companies offered shares and paid dividends denominated in BTC. Democracy is the original 51% attack. 259 BTC [Edit: I overlooked in the OP, fees were included in that 250 BTC total. Please login or register. MemberAuthor: Topic: Satoshi Dice -- Statistical Analysis (Read 192810 times) bitpop. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. Topic: Looking for someone to write me a Satoshidice script (Read 1657 times) dextryn (OP) Full Member Offline Activity: 198 Merit: 100. SatoshiDICE is not a new name in the crypto betting scene. Re: SatoshiDICE. The idea for Crypto Capital was first broached in a Reddit post by Redditor “Bitfan2013" almost exactly six years ago, according to Mathias Grønnebæk, the CEO of open financial infrastructure company Braveno. We focus on the field of. Arts & Entertainment. Off chain, session-based bets became available in 2014. Legendary Offline Activity: 1708 Merit: 1012. Topic: SatoshiDice - Det bästa Bitcoin-spelet! (Read 2264 times) evoorhees (OP) Legendary Offline Activity: 1008 Merit: 1020. It's generally a good casino to play at, but there are some things worth noting. Please login or register. DICE - SatoshiDICE 100% Dividend-Paying Asset on MPEx (Read 316065 times) bitfoo. g. The verification section explains they dont release the secrets till the following day, meaning since they have the secrets the day before, they know the outcomes. In 2012, SatoshiDice was the leading bitcoin gambling site in terms of amount wagered. g. Sr. They are not released right away, since they could be used to submit selective transactions and win bets unfairly. 0. When considering games like satoshi dice or many other more typical online casino games, how do they handle awarding prizes? It seems like they pay back to the original input that sourced capital to them yet I have heard that addresses should never be reused for receiving payments. It is actually a pretty smart little marketing venture on SDs part! We all know that gambling isn't a sound method for earning money, it's statistically stupid to believe otherwise. Once you have that secret number, you can go through the previous day's bets and do the math yourself. Like all good Bitcoin Gambling sites it has good levels. SATOSHIDICE refers to a blockchain-based game that started 2012. January 23, 2017, 12:05:13 PMTopic: SatoshiDICE. : News: Pumpkin carving contestTopic: SatoshiDICE. Sr. Topic: SatoshiDICE. SATOSHIDICE refers to a blockchain-based game that started 2012. com | Instant Bitcoin Gambling | Free BTC Faucet | ( 1% edge) *Thread*. Given this, you can be assured of its good standing along with various high-end features it offers! 26223. (2015) borrows from other financial fraud risk management techniques. : News: Latest Bitcoin Core release: 25. MemberTopic: SatoshiDICE. com. com ,please pay my bitcoins! July 30, 2012, 08:38:49 AMAuthor: Topic: Satoshi Dice -- Statistical Analysis (Read 192801 times) FTWbitcoinFTW. SatoshiDICE General Information. Hero Member Offline Posts: 1695059395 Ignore. Please login or register. SatoshiDice клиент (рабочий бот) May 24, 2013, 08:10:14 PM Last edit: June 08, 2013, 08:25:22 AM by MuslimReddit gives you the best of the internet in one place. 5% which is well ahead of any of the competition! The design of the site is very use friendly and has a very professional feel about it. that sounds interesting :-? thanks for explaining it. This bet was placed on SatoshiSlot which shares the same bankroll as SatoshiDice. SatoshiDice DAPP is a provably fair on-chain Bitcoin Cash game. It’s such a. The Bitcoin network protocol was designed to be extremely flexible. This dice betting site underwent changes in the past years until it transformed to become a dApp at the time of writing this review. The game’s success paved the way for the development of other crypto casino games, and it remains a significant milestone in the industry’s evolution. [–]Prattler26 [-1] -5 points 1 month ago (3|8) Satoshi Dice really sucks for spamming the blockchain. Sr. On 20th July, Satoshidice made a big change on their website by decreasing the winning number drastically. At the time of writing, this value was estimated to be $11. Legendary Offline Activity: 1414 Merit: 1000. SatoshiDice DAPP Casino Review. Re: SatoshiDICE. Key Info. Re: S. Topic: SatoshiDice - Meilleur jeu Bitcoin jamais réalisé! (Read 2427 times) evoorhees (OP) Legendary Offline Activity: 1008 Merit: 1020. Once my payment to SatoshiDICE is confirmed, then their payout back to me can confirm. Posted by u/gomatigrg - 18 votes and 7 commentsI learned about Satoshi Dice yesterday, when I say it under "games" in my blockchain wallet. Blockchain-based betting game SatoshiDice has been sold for 126,315 BTC, which at the time of writing was worth around $11. 0 []Is it because satoshidice has to wait for some N confirmations (It took 1 hour for my client to see 6 confirmations after sent), but 10 hours ? 2. SatoshiDICE is not a new name in the crypto betting scene. 9% edge. She has watched with enthusiasm and pride as several other Dice operators released worthy and interesting games over the past several months – sites that. Ein Bericht erwähnt, wie jemand viel Geld gewonnen hat, und das Geld wurde von SatoshiDice Anlegerkonten abgezogen, was ziemlich mühsam ist. When I logged back. Topic: [CLOSED] S. Approaching the Hot Hand with a Cool Head Datasets used in "Approaching the Hot Hand with a Cool Head" by Máté Csaba Sándor and Barna Bakó of Corvinus University of Budapest (1) Producing the gambling dataset This dataset can be reproduced using the script set (4) To run the scripts use R version 4. November 05, 2016, 03:20:50 PMSatoshiDICE_PR (OP) Sr. SatoshiDice quickly gained popularity within the crypto community, with hundreds of thousands of Bitcoin wagered between its launch and eventual sale for $11. What Was Satoshi Dice? SatoshiDICE (also known as SatoshiDICE) is a game based on the block chain Bitcoin. Pages:. : News: Latest Bitcoin Core release: 24. In July, he sold SatoshiDice to an anonymous buyer for 126,315 bitcoin. Satoshidice problem. In 2019, Peergame. Re: [SUCCESS] Double Spend against a satoshidice loss. Everything is the same, except the expected return for the player is higher since the house percent is lower. Punt casino is included on our list of the best Bitcoin casinos because of their quality games, including slots, table games, and video poker. org users have reported that they strongly believe that the creator of this topic is a scammer. If this is the case, is. I love it. 92 multiplier to walk away with a whopping 303. #1. SatoshiDice. It was calling SatoshiDice and launched in 2012. SatoshiDice was the brand given the service initially created by BitcoinTalk forum user FireDuck before selling the system to another operator. We've thoroughly reviewed SatoshiDice DAPP Casino and gave it an Above average Safety Index. I remember the good times when they first opened and I was able to win some Bitcoin pretty easily. Erik Voorhees was the Founder and Partial Owner of SatoshiDICE. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. In order to ensure that there is no way for the system to change the outcome of a bet, the secret keys used are decided ahead of time. This attack is both simple and (IMHO) very easy to mount by an attacker-miner. SafeDice Overview. placeybordeaux placeybordeaux. SatoshiDICE – Full Crypto Casino Review. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game. bet Dice focuses primarily on providing a unique gameplay paired with a great user experience. Voorhees revealed on July 18, 2013, that SatoshiDice had been sold for 126,315 BTC, or US$11. 4 million USD at the time of the announcement. com having an authoritative rank of 58. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game (Read 494753 times)Background As you may be aware, a user on SatoshiDice had a BIG win recently. Topic: Satoshidice. SatoshiDice reported its last public financial statement in June 2013, as it was still being traded on the Bitcoin-denominated stock-exchange MPEX before being sold to a private investor. January 05, 2017, 01:53:00 PMAuthor: Topic: SatoshiDICE. An amount that doesn't occur very often. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game (Read 495305 times) SatoshiDICE_PR. Newbie Offline Activity: 21 Merit: 0. The trust scores you see are subjective; they will change depending on who you have in your trust list. 0. it looks like SatoshiDice is now down 250 BTC . Everything is the same, except the expected return for the player is higher since the house percent is lower. The Securities and Exchange Commission today charged the co-owner of two Bitcoin-related websites for publicly offering shares in the two ventures without registering them. 0 []Topic: SatoshiDice - ¡El mejor juego Bitcoin jamás creado! (Read 2390 times) evoorhees (OP) Legendary Offline Activity: 1008 Merit: 1009. Re: SatoshiDICE. Erik Voorhees has announced that SatoshiDice, by far the most popular gambling site in the Bitcoin community, is being sold in full for 126315 BTC, worth $12. : News: Latest Bitcoin Core release: 25. The idea is simple: Suppose a miner has any percentage of the network hashing. December 18, 2012, 11:11:18 AMof multiple major Bitcoin businesses and markets including SatoshiDice and Mt. 90. Satoshidice is a covert scam and you’ll have to be really smart about how you play their games and what you do with your account to not trigger their “suspicious” alarm. com. Author: Topic: Satoshi Dice -- Statistical Analysis (Read 192783 times) MPOE-PR. Topic: SatoshiDICE. On January 11, 2017, Underdog01253 (user ID 2789717) placed a bet of 0. SatoshiDice (S. Newbie Offline Activity: 3 Merit: 0. 2. SatoshiDice. satoshidice. Re: SatoshiDICE. SatoshiDice started showing troublesome signs back in December of 2016. io review! Satoshidice. Member Offline Activity: 439 Merit: 250. 0 coinsApproaching the Hot Hand with a Cool Head Datasets used in "Approaching the Hot Hand with a Cool Head" by Máté Csaba Sándo. Topic: [CLOSED] S. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game (Read 494747 times) barbarousrelic. Ethereum is a platform that powers its own blockchain using its decentralized application systems (dapps. T&Cs Apply. DICE holders were paid . Legendary. I was quite lucky and won 1BTC doing small bets in a few hours. 18+. Please login or register. MemberSatoshiDice. November 27, 2020, 07:34:06 PMTopic: SatoshiDICE. This can be verified without needing any software installed. EFFECT. Re: SatoshiDICE. In July, he sold SatoshiDice to an anonymous buyer for 126,315 bitcoin. com is the world's most popular Bitcoin betting site. A clean solution to ALL Bitcoin problems: SatoshiDice, Block size, future fees. October 15, 2022, 08:55:06 PM: Welcome, Guest. Hier ist wie:Author: Topic: What happened to SatoshiDice (Read 400 times) Initscri (OP). Please login or register. 7%, and sends a certain amount of bitcoin to an operator wallet. In fact, it was once the most popular Bitcoin dice game online, offering bettors a chance to place micro on-chain bets. 02 BTC :( I. SatoshiDice is the first bitcoin dice site online. When you sent 0. Topic: SatoshiDICE. SatoshiDice processes the bets one by one sequentially. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game (Read 495336 times) Bitcoin. Expert Computer Geek. The transaction hash is determined by the contents of the transaction. bitcoins not confirming after 30~ hours satoshidice. The Scam Detector's algorithm finds satoshidice. 3. 1 []August 13, 2023, 11:31:59 PM: Welcome, Guest. The gameplay of this game is similar to the dice game Bitzillions offers. The core idea of dice betting is simple, but its implementation along with all the innovation it brought to the bitcoin scene, has developed a legacy that will live on in online gaming for years to co NEAR Foundation's Founder and New CEO Illia Polosukhin Explores Multi-Chain Interoperability and Open Web Vision in Blockchain Governance Lesen Sie unsere SatoshiDice DAPP Casino Bewertung, verlassen Sie sich auf unsere Erfahrungen und Tests, und finden Sie ein seriöses Online Casino. Atribuímos-lhe esta classificação porque pensamos que está a fazer bem muitas coisas, as ainda existe algo impedindo de obter da nossa parte uma classificação muito boa ou perfeita. 999dice claims to have a 0. 5 million at the time of the announcement. Satoshi Dice’s wagers are sent without access to the website or any client software, as opposed to traditional online gaming software. But being a DApp doesn’t mean that Satoshi Dice is only accessible from the blockchain. : News: Latest Bitcoin Core release: 23. August 31, 2012, 02:24:16 AMUsually, mergers and acquisitions are conducted in wood-paneled boardrooms by sombre-suited accountants, however yesterday the first acquisition was completed inAuthor: Topic: Satoshi Dice -- Statistical Analysis (Read 192810 times) Bugpowder. com 's niche. SatoshiDice forces players to pay a transaction fee on each result so the spam will successfully flood both the p2p relay network and the blockchain. Bet options are available with up to 64,000x multiples and a house edge of only 1. Below are the high level steps involved in making such a game. On 18. Because the output was bigger then the input the Bitcoin client sent the difference to a new address, which also belongs to you. They have something for everyone. Recently we noted that illegal drug purchases are around half a percent of Bitcoin transactions, which is far from the existential threat that it has been made out to be. SatoshiDice Expert for Hire! February 13, 2013, 10:21:33 AM Last edit: February 14, 2013, 10:14:00 AM by LoveSosaBitLotto has the same restrictions and maintains a list of compatible wallets. Get a constantly updating feed of breaking news, fun stories, pics, memes, and videos just for you. PleaseSo I discovered Satoshi Dice a few weeks ago. 1695059395. 9M subscribers in the Bitcoin community. com Review. com. SatoshiDICE, which calls itself the biggest Bitcoin-betting game in the world and pays out casino-like winnings in bitcoins, ultimately returned these offering. Sr. Provider of an online dice game. By Danny Bradbury. Democracy is the original 51% attack. Hero Member Offline Activity: 784 Merit: 1000. [update 4:26PM June 3rd Pacific Time] holy smoke, it appears I got the refund back! I'm going to send donation and tip as I…SatoshiDICE Tribute will distribute a fraction of all bets to three top-ranked players. At best it'd artificially inflate the win percentage, and any statistical analysis would show that they actually payout over the expected percentage. Sr. This includes EWallets at exchanges, EWallet sites like Instawallet, and. DICE - SatoshiDICE 100% Dividend-Paying Asset on MPEx (Read 316076 times) nimda. Topic: SatoshiDICE. On 18 July 2013, Erik Voorhees announced that SatoshiDice had been sold for 126,315 BTC, or US$11. PHP martingale bot for satoshiDICE. SatoshiDice was a gambling website using the digital currency bitcoin. Satoshi Dice update & 0. com - The World's Most Popular Bitcoin Game (Read 494884 times) Randian Hero. SatoshiDice - Лучшая Bitcoin-игра всех времен! May 28, 2012, 02:25:44 AMBest Dice Site For Original Games. There are 2 public and 32 acquired. CryptoΔιαβάστε την αξιολόγηση του SatoshiDice DAPP Casino, τα παράπονα, την υποστήριξη και άλλα. io - Gambling Site Bankroll Open for Public Investment (Read 339 times)Author: Topic: Is Satoshi Dice Provably Fair?? (Read 202 times) Hydra777 (OP). Re: SatoshiDICE. Author: Topic: Satoshi Dice -- Statistical Analysis (Read 192790 times) BTCdude007. DICE - SatoshiDICE 100% Dividend-Paying Asset on MPEx (Read 316078 times) byronbb. In that. It seems that I was not so lucky. Re: SatoshiDice Strategy - 6x your money in 15 mins - [video proof inside] October 09, 2013, 09:33:54 AM. Alternatively, find out what’s trending across all of Reddit on r/popular. ในปี 2013 เว็บไซต์การพนันที่ใช้ Bitcoin ในการพนันอย่าง “SatoshiDice” ที่เคยได้รับความนิยมเป็นอย่างมาก ถูกขายไปในราคา 126,315 BTC ซึ่งปัจจุบันจะมีมูลค่าประมาณ 3. Member Offline Activity: 330 Merit: 394. 150% up to 1 BTC + 150 free spins. Bitcoin deposits need 2 confirmations. Topic: SatoshiDICE. )Topic: [SUCCESS] Double Spend against a satoshidice loss (Read 19017 times) Yuhfhrh (OP) Full Member Offline Activity: 238 Merit: 100. One of the inputs is the user's transaction ID. Assuming you follow this method, you could lose 7 times in a row and then recover all your investment + make your original profit of 1 BTC by winning on the eigth time. 6%. SatoshiDice. 1 (Read 6465 times) evoorhees (OP) Legendary Offline Activity: 1008 Merit: 1020. There seems to be a new SatoshiDice clone called BetCoinDice. Send Bitcoin Cash to an address below to place a bet. Topic: SatoshiDICE. ]26 votes, 56 comments. 89 to 1. ) In this sense, blockchain is immune to the manipulation of data making it not only open but verifiable. Author: Topic: SatoshiDice is not Provably Fair betting on 1000x (Read 459 times)In most every bet to BitLotto and SatoshiDICE there is an output address for change. And in turn, the SatoshiDICE payout transaction back to me will never confirm. Re: SatoshiDICE. : News: Latest Bitcoin Core release: 23. Re: SatoshiDICE. Overall, Satoshi Dice and its competitors have raised over ; $59. : News: Latest Bitcoin Core release: 25. Bitcoin Forum > Economy > Marketplace > Gambling > SatoshiDICE. com - Verified rolls, up to 65,000x winning. Follow answered Feb 7, 2013 at 15:35. com is the world's most popular Bitcoin betting site. Over 1,000,000 BTC has been won and over 1,500,000 individual bets placed (as of November 2012). who owns satoshidice. 5 BTC. Member Offline Activity: 115 Merit: 13 Bitcoin is king of Cryptocurrency World. Re: S.